* F O N D A  Y - D N K

GLAVNE HAPLO-SKUPINE V EVROPI:

Ob koncu zadnje ledene dobe pred 10-12.000 leti so se na ozemlju današnje Evrope naselile tri glavne skupine: R1a, R1b in I.

Haplogroup R is believed to have originated somewhere in Northwest Asia between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago. Haplogroup R1b originated prior to or during the last glaciation, when it was concentrated in refugia in southern Europe and the Aegean. It is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe, but has been found at low frequency as far away as Iran and Korea. It is also found in North Africa where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria. In south-eastern England the frequency of R1b is about 70%; in parts of the rest of north and western England, Spain, Portugal, Wales and Ireland, it is as high as 90%; and in parts of north-western Ireland it reaches 98%. The majority of men of European descent belong to R1b.

Haplogroup R1a, which is prevalent in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and India, is closely related to R1b. Both are descended from R1; the haplogroup R1a does not have the M343 marker, but has another marker, M17.

The R1a lineage is believed to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas. This lineage is believed to have originated in a population of the Korgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse (approximately 3000 B.C.E.). These people were also believed to be the first speakers of the Indo-European language group. This lineage is currently found in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Eastern Europe. R1a arose 15,000 years ago in the vicinity of Ukraine, expanding from either the Ukrainian LGM refuge following the end of the last ice age, or from the Pontic-Caspian steppe as a result of the Kurgan migrations. But some studies question these earlier findings and claim that R1a lineages may have their origins in North India. The expansion of R1a as well as R2 has been associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages. Although in south east Europe the R1a haplogroup occurs at just 16% frequency, high-resolution Y chromosome analysis by Pericic et al. (2005) shows a maximum diversity of R1a STR variance among mainland Croatians and Bosnians. At the current resolution level the influence of gene flow to this effect is not fully understood. At least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the region: early post-LGM recolonizations expanding from the refugium in Ukraine, migrations from northern Pontic steppe between 3000 and 1000 B.C., as well as possibly massive Slavic migration from A.D. 5th to 7th centuries. A subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency (more than 40%) from the Czech Republic across to the Altai Mountains in Siberia and south throughout Central Asia. The gene reach maximum distribution frequencies in Poland and in the Ukraine.

Y-DNA Haplogroup I is a European haplogroup, representing nearly one-fifth of the population. It can be found in most present-day European populations, most commonly in Scandinavia, Sardinia, and the Slavic populations of the Western Balkans in southeastern Europe. The haplogroup is almost non-existent outside of Europe, suggesting that it arose in Europe. Estimates of the age of Haplogroup I suggest that it arose prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. It may have been confined to a refuge in the Balkans during the last Ice Age, and then spread northward during the recolonization of northern Europe following the retreat of the glaciers. The I, I1, and I1a lineages are nearly completely restricted to northwestern Europe. These would most likely have been common within Viking populations. One lineage of this group extends down into central Europe. I1b subgroup of Haplogroup I is found within the Balkans countries at it's greatest frequency and diversity. These countries probably harbored this subset of Haplogroup I as a refuge during the Last Glacial Maximum.

Mutacije, ki so se skozi zgodovino dogajale na moškem spolnem Y-kromosomu, so genetikom omogočile razviti metodo na podlagi katere je danes možno slediti selitvam najstarejših človeških skupnosti, vse od časa pred okoli 50.000 leti, ko naj bi Afriko, kot zibelko človeštva, zapustila prva skupina sodobnih ljudi, do danes, ko so njihovi potomci naselili skoraj ves planet. Sodobna genetika danes vsakemu moškemu predstavniku človeške skupnosti s preprostim testom omogoča vpogled v lastno zgodovino selitve njegovih prednikov skozi celotno obdobje človeštva.

Raziskava opravljena na mojem Y-kromosomu je pokazala zanimivo pot, ki so jo nosilci le tega opravili v zadnjih 50.000 letih. V morda 2000 generacijah moških, ki so se v tem času zvrstile, je prišlo na Y-kromosomu do številnih mutacij, ki danes omogočajo vpogled v zgodovino selitev mojih prednikov. Tiste glavne, ki te poti najbolje označujejo, predstavljam v časovni preglednici:

Haplogroup A is localized mainly to Southern Africa with a small to notable presence among a few populations in East Africa. It represents the oldest and most diverse of the human Y-chromosome haplogroups. The highest presence of haplogroup A in East Africa was discovered in a sample of the Sudanese population. It is believed to be the haplogroup corresponding to Y-chromosomal Adam.
Haplogroup B (M168): is localized to sub-Saharan Africa, especially to tropical forests of West-Central Africa. After Y-haplogroup A, it is the second oldest and one of the most diverse human Y-haplogroups. It was the ancestral haplogroup of modern Pygmies like e.g. the Baka and Mbuti, but also Hadzabe from Tanzania, who are often mistakenly considered as a remnant of Khoisan people in East Africa.
Haplogroup F (M89) This ancient haplogroup may have first appeared in North Africa some 45,000 years before present. It is sometimes believed to represent a "second-wave" of expansion out of Africa. However, the location of this lineage's first expansion and rise to dominance appears to have been in India or somewhere close to it within South Asia or the Middle East; all of Haplogroup F's descendant haplogroups also show a pattern of radiation from South Asia (haplogroups H and K) or the Middle East (haplogroups G and IJ).
Haplogroup K (M9) first appeared approximately 40,000 years ago in Iran or southern Central Asia.
Haplogroup P (M45) is a branch of Haplogroup K (M9). It is believed to have arisen north of the Hindu Kush, in Siberia, Kazakhstan, or Uzbekistan, approximately 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. The descendant haplogroups of P include Q (M242) and R (M207).
Haplogroup R (207) is believed to have originated somewhere in Northwest Asia between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago.
Haplogroup R1(M173) lineage is quite rare. It is found only at very low frequencies in Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia. This lineage possibly originated in Europe and then migrated east into Asia. - 30,000 North West Asia->Europe
Haplogroup R1b(M343) originated prior to or during the last glaciation 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, when it was concentrated in refugia in southern Europe and the Aegean. It is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe, but has been found at low frequency as far away as Iran and Korea. It is also found in North Africa where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria. In south-eastern England the frequency of R1b is about 70%; in parts of the rest of north and western England, Spain, Portugal, Wales and Ireland, it is as high as 90%; and in parts of north-western Ireland it reaches 98%.

GOSTOTA PORAZDELITVE HAPLO-SKUPINE R1b DANES:

In human genetics, Haplogroup R1b (M343) (previously called Hg1 and Eu18) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe. The members of R1b are believed to be descendants of the Cro-Magnon people, the first modern humans to enter Europe, approximately 35,000 years ago. The Cro-Magnons were the first documented human artists, making sophisticated cave paintings. Famous sites include Lascaux in France, Cueva de las Monedas in Spain and Valley of Foz Côa in Portugal (the biggest open air site in Europe). The populations sheltered in Iberia, descendants of the Cro-Magnon, given the deglaciation (the Allerod Oscillation, an interstadial deglaciation that weakened the rigorous conditions of the Ice Age), migrated and recolonized all of Western Europe, thus spreading the R1b Haplogroup populations (still dominant, in variant degrees, from Iberia to Scandinavia).
The Cro-Magnons were contemporaries of European Neandertals, who died out not long after the first modern humans spread out.

Haplo-skupina R1b (tudi Hg1/Eu18) izvira iz svoje predhodnice haplo-skupine R1 z značilno mutacijo M173. R1b določa mutacija M343, ki je nastala pred okoli 18.500 leti in se je domnevno v času zadnje ledene dobe pred 10-12.000 leti usmerila proti zahodni Evropi. Najznačilneje jo opredeljuje t.i. Atlantski modalni haplotip (AMH) z oznako Hg1. Danes je haplo-skupina R1b prevladujoče (skoraj 90%) zastopana med moško populacijo pri Baskih (Španija) in v Walesu. Sledijo Irska, Portugalska, španska Katalonija, Škotska in Anglija, kjer odstotek moških z R1b presega 75%, na Nizozemskem pa ta znaša okoli 70%. Precejšno gostoto R1b je zaslediti tudi med Italijani, posebej tistimi na severu države s 50%, na območju meje s Slovenijo se njena gostota giblje okoli 40%, le nekoliko manjša pa je na Primorskem, v Istri in na Krasu. V manjšem obsegu se R1b pojavlja tudi v vzhodni Evropi in v severni Afriki, predvsem v delih Alžirije, kjer odstotek njene prisotnosti dosega okoli 10%.

PODSKUPINE R1b (M343):

Present-day Europeans with M343 also have the markers P25 and M269. This defines the more precise subgroup R1b1b2 (formerly R1b1c). It is conjectured that this subgroup appeared as modern humans made their way into the Iberian peninsula, coming from Southern France. Here, this genetically homogenous population were sheltered during the last Ice Age.



PRIMERJAVA SORODNIH REZULTATOV:

Seznam najbolj ujemajočih se javno objavljenih rezultatov testiranj na svetovnem spletu: